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Scottish History

1st century - 9th century
• c.84: Romans defeat Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius.

• c.143: Romans construct the Antonine Wall.

• c.163: Romans withdraw south to Trimontium and Hadrian's Wall.

• c.300: The term Pict is first recorded in describing the federated tribes invaded by Constantius Chlorus.

• c.397: Saint Ninian establishes a Christian mission at Whithorn.

• c.470: Votadini peoples form the kingdom of Gododdin in the region north of the River Tweed.

• c.547: Angles capture the British fortress at Bamburgh and found the kingdom of Bernicia.

• 563: Saint Columba founds a monastery at Iona and begins his mission to the northern Picts.

• c.574: Áedán mac Gabráin begins reign over the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata.

• c.580: Riderch I of Alt Clut rules region later known as the kingdom of Strathclyde.

• c.584: Bruide son of Maelchon dies.

• 604: Æthelfrith unites Bernicia and Deira to form the kingdom of Northumbria.

• 638: Northumbrians capture Edinburgh from Gododdin.

• 680s: Trumwine Bishop of Abercorn.

• 685: Pictish King Bruide mac Bili defeats Ecgfrith of Northumbria at the Battle of Dunnichen, halting the northern expansion of Northumbria.

• 697: Bruide mac Der-Ilei among the signatories of the Cáin Adomnáin.

• 717: Nechtan mac Der-Ilei expels Ionan clergy from Pictland and adopts Roman usages with the aid of Bishop Curetán; masons sent by Abbot Ceolfrid of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory help build stone churches at Restenneth, Rosemarkie and elsewhere in eastern Scotland.

• 732: Death of Nechtan mac Der-Ilei; Óengus mac Fergusa becomes King of the Picts.

• 747: St Andrews founded by this time, death of Abbot Tuathalán.

• 761: Death of Óengus mac Fergusa.

• 820: Death of Caustantín mac Fergusa.

• 839: Eóganan mac Óengusa and his brother Bran killed in battle with Vikings, end of dominance of Fortriu.

• 858: Death of Kenneth mac Alpin, King of the Picts; "union of Picts and Scots" traditionally dated from his reign.

• 878: Kenneth mac Alpin's son Áed killed; Giric becomes king.

• 889: Death of Giric; Domnall mac Causantín, grandson of Kenneth, becomes king.

• c.890: Exodus of the Strathclyde Britons to Gwynedd (in Wales).

10th century - 13th century

• 900: Causantín mac Áeda succeeds Domnall mac Causantín.

• 943: Causantín mac Áeda abdicates to become a culdee at St Andrews.

• c.940: Saint Catroe of Metz leaves Scotland.

• 952: Death of Causantín mac Áeda.

• 954: Indulf captures Edinburgh from Northumbria.

• 1058: After defeating Mac Bethad and Lulach, Máel Coluim III is proclaimed king.

• 1124: David I becomes king and introduces the feudal system of landholding to much of Scotland.

• 1156: Somerled defeats the Norse King of Man, establishing his own semi-independent rule as ri Innse Gall-King of the Hebrides.

• 1164: Somerled is defeated by the Scottish crown in the Battle of Renfrew.

• 1234: Galloway's independent existence ends with the death of Alan, Lord of Galloway.

• 1237: Southern border of Scotland established in the Treaty of York.

• 1263: Scots defeat Norwegians at Largs.

• 1266: Norway cedes the Western Isles to Scotland.

• 1292: Edward I of England intervenes in Scottish affairs and grants the Scottish throne to John Balliol.

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