• 1297: Andrew de Moravia and William Wallace lead the Scots to victory over England at Stirling Bridge.
14th century - 16th century
• 1314: Robert the Bruce defeats the English at Bannockburn.
• 1328: Treaty of Edinburgh. England recognises Scottish independence.
• 1371: Robert II becomes first Stewart king.
• 1402: English defeat Scots in the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Humbleton Hill.
• 1413: Foundation of the University of St Andrews.
• 1451: Establishment of the University of Glasgow.
• 1468: Denmark cedes Orkney and Shetland to Scotland.
• 1493: Lordship of the Isles abolished. In 1540 the title was reserved to the crown.
• 1495: Creation of the University of Aberdeen (King's College).
• 1513: James IV and thousands of Scots are killed at Flodden.
• 1532: Creation of the College of Justice and the Court of Session.
• 1559: John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva to promote Calvinism.
• 1560: Parliament legislates protestant reformation of the Church of Scotland.
• 1568: Mary, Queen of Scots flees to England following the defeat of her army at the Battle of Langside..
• 1578: James VI takes over government from his regent, James Douglas.
• 1582: Establishment of the University of Edinburgh by Royal Charter.
• 1587: Mary is beheaded by the order of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
• 1592: Presbyterianism becomes the established form of church government in Scotland by Act of Parliament. A few years later King James successfully reintroduced Episcopacy.
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17th century - 18th century
• 1603: The Union of the Crowns: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England.
• 1638: Scottish Covenanters rebel against Charles I.
• 1643: The Solemn League and Covenant promises Scots army to aid English parliamentarians against the king.
• 1651-1660: Scotland incorporated into the English Commonwealth and Protectorate.
• 1660: The monarchy is restored and Scotland resumes its status as a separate kingdom.
• 1679: Duke of Monmouth defeats Covenanters at the Battle of Bothwell Brig.
• 1689: Jacobite highlanders defeats army of William III at Killiecrankie, but are halted at Dunkeld.
• 1689: The Claim of Right and the re-establishment of Presbyterianism.
• 1692: Massacre of Glencoe.
• 1695: The Bank of Scotland is created by Act of Parliament.
• 1707: The Union of the Parliaments: the Act of Union between England and Scotland is passed.• 1715: First Jacobite rising.
• 1745: Second Jacobite rising.
• 1746: The Battle of Culloden ends the second Jacobite rising.
• 1748: David Hume publishes An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
• 1762: Land tenure reform leads to the Highland Clearances and massive emigration for several decades.
• 1769: James Watt patents idea for separate condensing chamber in the Steam engine.
• 1776: Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations.
19th century
• 1802: John Playfair publishes summary of James Hutton's theories of Geology.
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